Introductory note: For the past year, I've been working as a K-5 Math Coach. Not surprisingly, I have learned a lot. I hope the following blog post expresses just a bit of the wonder of the past year...
I developed a new appreciation for the power of strategies taught in Bridges
when a third grader approached me for help on a worksheet he
received in his (non-Bridges) classroom. The “Zero-Concept” worksheet included
36 problems with multi-digit subtraction, intended for practice with borrowing
across zeros, solely using the standard algorithm.
Although this was the intent (and yes, the way many of us were taught!), it quickly became obvious that
several other strategies might produce more efficient results. The third grade
standard 3.NBT.2 specifically calls for this:
“Fluently add and
subtract within 1000 using strategies and algorithms based on place value,
properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and
subtraction.”
One of the key words, “algorithms” is plural for a reason.
We want students to develop fluency defined by accuracy, efficiency, and
flexibility. In this standard, students demonstrate fluency using multiple,
flexible strategies--strategies selected because of their strength with a
particular set of numbers.
The very first problem, 420-115, seemed a good candidate for
Partial Place Value Splitting, one of several strategies explored in Bridges.
The student could mentally solve the problem using this
strategy; he was surprised by how easy it was to break the subtrahend into
manageable pieces and then subtract.
Another problem, 200-189, seemed ideal for Finding the
Difference.
Again, once he understood the strategy, the problem was easy
to solve mentally. In comparison, the standard algorithm was very complex and
inefficient, leaving a lot of room for error.
The Removal Strategy (using a Number Line) worked for 500-333. He also noted that
this could be done mentally using Partial Place Value Splitting, taking away
300, then 30, then 3.
Once again, borrowing across multiple zeros seemed
unnecessarily complex with a high possibility of error.
A problem like 703-187 became a prime candidate for Constant
Difference. Here it's illustrated on a number line:
He agreed that it was far easier to solve 716-200 than
703-187. And it's so simple to get there. Just add 13 to both the minuend and the subtrahend.
Looking over the worksheet we noted that while the standard
algorithm might be an efficient method for a handful of problems, for the
majority it was not. But perhaps the most surprising to my student: the number
of problems that could be completely solved with mental math, using one of the
above strategies.
If we think of fluency in terms of accurate, efficient, and
flexible thinking, students are best served when they have a variety of
strategies from which to choose. By the time we were done, my young friend heartily
agreed!
, a game played similar to dominoes, provides addition and subtraction practice. When players lay a piece, they must add the three numbers on the triominoe
as well as keep track of their total points. Since the game is played until someone reaches 400, it provides a lot of practice in adding and subtracting. (The subtracting comes in when a player must draw a triominoe...a loss of 5 points for each that must be drawn.) Bonus points are awarded for unique configurations of triangles, such as completing a hexagon.